Table 3 The main effects of cultivation system, foliage time, and stress modulator type on the yield and yield components

81.8 ± 8.3^a

13.4 ± 3.6^a

14.6 ± 4.8^a

87.0 ± 11.1^a

4 323 ± 35.2^a

1 879 ± 95.8^a

34.8 ± 2.4^a

655 ± 84.9^a

52.2 ± 4.5^b

10.5 ± 3.1^b

7.41 ± 1.7^b

56.1 ± 4.9^b

2 131 ± 141^b

713 ± 52.1^b

27.5 ± 4.1b

198 ± 52.4^b

64.2 ± 6.3^b

11.1 ± 3.3^a

9.52 ± 5.5^b

69.1 ± 11.7^b

3 277 ± 51.5^a

1 190 ± 68.8^b

31.4 ± 4.8^a

395 ± 25.7^b

69.9 ± 11.1^a

12.7 ± 3.7^a

12.4 ± 3.4^a

74.0 ± 15.9^a

3 177 ± 52.9^a

1 402 ± 84.6^a

30.9 ± 5.1^a

458 ± 30.1^a

61.3 ± 6.6^b

9.52 ± 2.9^c

8.01 ± 3.1^b

55.2 ± 7.1^c

2 931 ± 30.2^c

1 019 ± 57.1^c

28.8 ± 4.8^c

307 ± 18.9^c

66.4 ± 6.1^a

11.6 ± 3.5^b

11.6 ± 5.2^a

73.3 ± 13.7^b

3 183 ± 46.4^b

1 225 ± 70.5^b

32.0 ± 3.8^ab

411 ± 26.2^b

69.5 ± 11.9^a

13.0 ± 3.2^a

11.9 ± 3.6^a

77.1 ± 11.7^ab

3 487 ± 96.2^a

1 467 ± 84.8^a

33.0 ± 4.8^a

504 ± 31.7^a

70.9 ± 10.2^a

13.6 ± 3.5^a

12.3 ± 5.3^a

80.1 ± 15.3^a

3 308 ± 60.4^b

1 473 ± 88.4^a

30.8 ± 5.2^b

483 ± 32.4^a