Table 1 Effect of N level on fibre length
From: Effect of nitrogen application level on cotton fibre quality
Year | Location | Country | N levels in kg·ha−1 | Instrument | Remarks | References | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1927–1929 | College Station, Texas | US | 0,56,112,168 & 224 | Fibre arrays | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Reynolds and Killough (1933) | ||||||||||||||||||
1944–1946 | Rocky Mount, North Carolina | US | 11,39 & 67 | Fibrograph | Increase in UHML from 11 to 39 kg·ha−1 and small but significant difference from 39 to 67 kg·ha−1. Also, a slight reduction in length uniformity from 11 to 39 kg·ha−1 and a slight increase from 39 to 67 kg·ha−1 | Nelson (1949) | ||||||||||||||||||
1951–1960 | Brawley, California | US | 0, 107, 214 & 321 | Classer | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | Bennett et al. (1967) | ||||||||||||||||||
1956–1962 | Thorsby, Alabama | US | 0, 107, 214 & 321 | Classer | The application of N increased UHML, with increased applications. No effect on length uniformity | Bennett et al. (1967) | ||||||||||||||||||
1959–1960 | Brawley, California | US | 0, 107, 214 & 321 | Classer | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | MacKenzie and Schaik (1963) | ||||||||||||||||||
1961–1963 | Magnum, Oklahoma | US | 0, 44, 67, 90 & 112 | Digital fibrograph | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Murray et al. (1965) | ||||||||||||||||||
1961–1963 | Altus, Oklahoma | US | 0, 44, 67, 90 & 112 | Digital fibrograph | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Murray et al. (1965) | ||||||||||||||||||
1961–1963 | Unknown | US | 0, 28, 54, 80, 120, 134, 161 & 187 | Fibrograph | Increase in UHML from 11 to 28 kg·ha−1 with no further increase with increased N application levels | Perkins and Douglas (1965) | ||||||||||||||||||
1963–1965 | Yuma, Arizona | US | 84 & 224 | Unknown | Increase in UHML with increased N application levels | Jackson and Tilt (1968) | ||||||||||||||||||
1965–1980 | Eight locations | Greece | 0,60,50,100,120,150,180 & 200 | Digital fibrograph | No clear trend with increased N application levels | |||||||||||||||||||
1967 | Fresno County, California | US | 56, 105, 224, 343 & 392 | Fibrograph | Slight increase in UHML with increased N application levels | |||||||||||||||||||
1967 | Kent County, California | US | 0, 41, 140, 239 & 280 | Fibrograph | Slight increase in UHML with increased N application levels | |||||||||||||||||||
1972–1973 | Kimberley, Western Australia | Australia | 34, 112, 168 & 225 | Digital fibrograph | Increase in fibre length and length uniformity with increased N application levels | Hearn (1976) | ||||||||||||||||||
1973–1974 | Unknownb | US | 0, 45 & 90 | Digital fibrograph | No significant differences in 2.5% Span length with no clear trend for uniformity index with increased N application levels | Koli and Morrill (1976a) | ||||||||||||||||||
1974 | Narrabri, New South Wales | Australia | 0, 40, 80 &Â 160 | Digital fibrograph | Significant increase in 2.5% Span length with increased N application levels | Constable and Hearn (1981) | ||||||||||||||||||
1975–1978 | Narrabri, New South Wales | Australia | 0, 50, 100 & 150 | Digital fibrograph | Significant increase in 2.5% Span length with increased N application levels | Constable and Hearn (1981) | ||||||||||||||||||
1982–1983 | Morena, Madhya Pradesh | India | 0, 40, 80 & 120 | Unknown | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Shrivastava and Singh (1988) | ||||||||||||||||||
1984–1986 | Altus, Oklahoma | US | 0, 56, 112 & 224 | High volume instrument (HVI™) | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | Boman and Westerman (1994) | ||||||||||||||||||
1989–2004 | Altus, Oklahoma | US | 0, 45, 90, 135, 180 & 225 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | Girma et al. (2007) | ||||||||||||||||||
1991–1992 | Stoneville, Mississippi | US | 112 & 150 | Digital fibrograph | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | Pettigew et al. (1996) | ||||||||||||||||||
1991–1992 | Uvalde, Texasb | US | 0, 67, 135, 202 & 269 | HVI | Increase in 2.5% Span length up to 135 kg·ha−1 and thereafter a slight reduction with increase N application levels. Uniformity reduced with increased N application rates | Tewolde and Fernandez (2003) | ||||||||||||||||||
1991–1992 | Lakhasti | India | 0, 40, 80 & 120 | Unknown | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Chand (1997) | ||||||||||||||||||
1992–1996 | Mississippi Delta | US | 101, 135, 168 & 202 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | Ebelhar et al. (1996) | ||||||||||||||||||
1995–1998 | Hama | Syria | 0, 60, 120, 180 & 240 | Unknown | No significant differences in fibre length with improved length uniformity with increased N application levels | Janat and Somi (2002) | ||||||||||||||||||
1996–1998 | Florence, South Carolina | US | 0, 78 & 112 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | Bauer and Roof (2004) | ||||||||||||||||||
1997–2000 | Winnsboro, Louisianab | US | 90, 112, 134 & 157 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length, length uniformity and short fibre index with increased N application levels | Boquet (2005) | ||||||||||||||||||
1998–2000 | San Joaquin Valley, California | US | 56, 112, 168 & 224 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Fritschi et al. (2003) | ||||||||||||||||||
1999 | Thrall, Texasb | US | 0, 56, 112 & 224 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | McFarland et al. (1999) | ||||||||||||||||||
1999–2000 | Mississippi, Louisiana | US | Small scale trial with control and 20% at first flower & 0% at first flower | Digital fibrograph | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Read et al. (2006) | ||||||||||||||||||
1999–2000 | Fresno, Californiaa | US | 56, 112, 168 & 224 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application rates | Fritschi et al. (2003) | ||||||||||||||||||
1999–2000 | Giza | Egypt | 95 & 143 | Digital fibrograph | Small but significant increase in 2.5% and 50% Span length with no affect on uniformity ratio with increased N application levels | Sawan et al. (2006) | ||||||||||||||||||
2001–2002 | Unknown | Syria | 50, 100, 150, 200 & 250 | Unknown | No significant differences in fibre length with improved length uniformity with increased N application levels | Janat (2008) | ||||||||||||||||||
2003–2004 | Adana | Turkey | 0, 80 & 160 | HVI | No significant differences in 2.5% Span length or uniformity index with increased N application levels | Gormus (2005) | ||||||||||||||||||
2001–2004 | Stoneville, Mississippi | US | 112 in four different application methods | Digital fibrograph | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity | Pettigew and Adamczyk (2006) | ||||||||||||||||||
2005 | Nanjing, Jiangsu | China | 0, 240 & 480 | HVI | Significant increase in fibre length with increased N application levels, with 240 kg·ha−1 the optimal amount | Zhao et al. (2012) | ||||||||||||||||||
2005 | Xuzhou, Jiangsu | China | 0, 240 & 480 | HVI | Significant increase in fibre length with increased N application levels, with 240 kg·ha−1 the optimal amount | Zhao et al. (2012) | ||||||||||||||||||
2007 | Anyang, Henan | China | 0, 240 & 480 | HVI | Significant increase in fibre length with increased N application levels, with 240 kg·ha−1 the optimal amount | Zhao et al. (2012) | ||||||||||||||||||
2005–2006 | Khedbhrahma, Gujarat | India | 160, 200 & 240 | Unknown | No significant differences in 2.5% Span length with increased N application levels | Gadhiya et al. (2009) | ||||||||||||||||||
2005–2006 | Multan, Punjab | Pakistan | 0, 50, 100 & 150 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | Afzal et al. (2018) | ||||||||||||||||||
2006 | Faisalabad, Punjab | Pakistan | 0, 60, 120 & 180 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity with increased N application levels | Saleem et al. (2010) | ||||||||||||||||||
2007–2008 | Multan, Punjab | Pakistan | 0, 60, 110 & 160 | HVI | No clear trend on fibre length with no significant differences for length uniformity with increased N application levels | Ali (2011) | ||||||||||||||||||
2009–2012 | Stoneville, Mississippi | US | 0, 56 & 112 | HVI | Slight but significant increase in fibre length with increased N application levels | |||||||||||||||||||
2008–2010 | Varamin, Tehran | Iran | 200, 300, 350 & 400 | HVI | No clear trend with increased N application levels | Madani and Oveysi (2015) | ||||||||||||||||||
2008–2010 | Gorgan, Golestan | Iran | 200, 300, 350 & 400 | HVI | Small but significant increase in both 2.5% and 50% Span length and uniformity ratio with 350 kg·ha−1 with reduction with increased N application levels | Madani and Oveysi (2015) | ||||||||||||||||||
2009–2010 | Varamin, Tehran | Iran | 0, 100, 200 & 300 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Rashidi and Gholami (2011), Hossein et al. (2014) and Seilsepour and Rashidi (2011) | ||||||||||||||||||
2009 | Mississippi State University | US | 0 & 100 | HVI | Small but significant decrease in fibre length with no change in uniformity with increased N application levels | Lokhande and Reddy (2015) | ||||||||||||||||||
2010–2011 | Adana | Turkey | 0, 60, 120, 180 & 240 | HVI | Significant increase in fibre length with 60 kg·ha−1 with a reduction in fibre length with increased N application levels | Gormus et al. (2016a) | ||||||||||||||||||
2012–2013 | Adana | Turkey | 0, 60, 120, 180 & 240 | HVI | Significant increase in fibre length with 60 kg·ha−1 with a reduction in fibre length with increased N application levels | Gormus and El Sagagh (2016b) | ||||||||||||||||||
2011 | Torreón, Coahuila | Mexico | 0, 50, 100 & 150 | Unknown | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels | Hernandes-Cruz et al. (2015) | ||||||||||||||||||
2011–2012 | Yellow River Delta, Hebei | China | 0, 120, 240, & 480 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels. There was, however, a significant increase in uniformity with increased N application levels | Chen et al. (2019) | ||||||||||||||||||
2012–2013 | Chapadão do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul | Brazil | 0, 40, 80, 120 & 160 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length with increased N application levels. There was, however, a significant reduction in uniformity with increased N application levels | Leal et al. (2020) | ||||||||||||||||||
2013 | Stoneville, Mississippi | US | 0, 39, 67, 101, 135 & 168 | HVI | Significant decrease in fibre length with increased N application levels | Sui et al. (2017) | ||||||||||||||||||
2014 | Stoneville, Mississippi | US | 0, 56, 112, 168 & 224 | HVI | Significant decrease in fibre length with increased N application levels | Sui et al. (2017) | ||||||||||||||||||
2013–2014 | New Delhi | India | 100, 125, 150 & 175 | Ball’s comb sorter | Significant increase in 50% Span length and decrease in uniformity ratio with increased N application levels | Verna et al. (2017) | ||||||||||||||||||
2016–2018 | Suffolk, Virginia | US | 0, 45, 90, 135 & 180 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity | McClanahan et al. (2020) | ||||||||||||||||||
2016–2017 | Lewiston-Woodside, North Carolina | US | 0, 45, 90, 135 & 180 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity | McClanahan et al. (2020) | ||||||||||||||||||
2018 | Yale, Virginia | US | 0, 45, 90, 135 & 180 | HVI | No significant differences in fibre length or length uniformity | McClanahan et al. (2020) | ||||||||||||||||||
Unknown | Gizaa | Egypt | 107 & 161 | Digital fibrograph | No significant difference in 2.5% and 50% Span length or uniformity ratio with increased N application levels | Sawan et al. (1997) | ||||||||||||||||||