Fig. 1

Bacterial community dynamics among different developmental stages in Apolygus lucorum. A Observe species dilution curve. B Relative abundance of bacteria communities at the phylum level in different groups. C Relative abundance of bacteria communities at the genus level in different groups. D Heat map analysis of the top 15 microbial populations with relative abundance at different developmental stages, and the data represented by color in the figure are represented by log₂(relative abundance). (Bacteria with relative abundance lower than 0.1% in all samples were all merged into others. The “Kruskal–Wallis test” was used to analyze the differences of phyla at all developmental stages. * 0.01 ≤ P < 0.05, ** 0.001 ≤ P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001)